Semantic features (SEM_FEATS)
The tagsets used to fill the SEM_FEATS field, described in the CoNLL-C field reference. Sourced from the project’s wiki.
OntoClass
The ontological class for nouns and verbs. We use the Topics of Open Multilingual Wordnet — also known as lexicographer files in Princeton WordNet. Not used for adjectives and adverbs, since no such hierarchy exists for those classes.
| POS | Topic | Abbr. | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| noun | Tops | top | unique beginner for nouns |
| noun | act | act | nouns denoting acts or actions |
| noun | animal | anm | nouns denoting animals or animal parts |
| noun | artifact | art | nouns denoting man-made objects |
| noun | attribute | att | nouns denoting attributes of people and objects |
| noun | body | bod | nouns denoting human body parts |
| noun | cognition | cog | nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents |
| noun | communication | com | nouns denoting communicative processes and contents, including languages and computation |
| noun | event | evt | nouns denoting natural events |
| noun | feeling | flg | nouns denoting feelings and emotions |
| noun | food | fod | nouns denoting foods and drinks |
| noun | group | grp | nouns denoting groupings of people or objects |
| noun | location | loc | nouns denoting spatial position |
| noun | motive | mtv | nouns denoting goals |
| noun | object | obj | nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made) |
| noun | person | per | nouns denoting people |
| noun | phenomenon | phn | nouns denoting natural phenomena |
| noun | plant | pln | nouns denoting plants or plant parts |
| noun | possession | pos | nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession |
| noun | process | prc | nouns denoting natural processes |
| noun | quantity | qnt | nouns denoting quantities and units of measure |
| noun | relation | rln | nouns denoting relations between people, things, or ideas |
| noun | shape | shp | nouns denoting two- and three-dimensional shapes |
| noun | state | stt | nouns denoting stable states of affairs |
| noun | substance | sub | nouns denoting substances |
| noun | time | tim | nouns denoting time and temporal relations |
| adj | all | all | all adjective clusters |
| adj | pert | prt | relational adjectives (pertainyms) |
| adj | ppl | ppl | participial adjectives |
| verb | body | bod | verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care |
| verb | change | chn | verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc. |
| verb | cognition | cog | verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting |
| verb | communication | com | verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing |
| verb | competition | cmp | verbs of fighting, athletic activities |
| verb | consumption | con | verbs of eating and drinking |
| verb | contact | cnt | verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging |
| verb | creation | crt | verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing |
| verb | emotion | emo | verbs of feeling |
| verb | motion | mot | verbs of walking, flying, swimming |
| verb | perception | pcp | verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling |
| verb | possession | pos | verbs of buying, selling, owning |
| verb | social | soc | verbs of political and social activities and events |
| verb | stative | stv | verbs of being, having, spatial relations |
| verb | weather | wet | verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering |
Aktionsart
The aktionsart of verbs, using the UniMorph label scheme, distinguishing between traits and classes.
Traits:
| Trait | Label | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Atelic | ATEL | The event has no terminal point/culmination. |
| Durative | DUR | The event can extend over a time span. |
| Dynamic | DYN | The event is dynamic (i.e. it is not a static situation). |
| Punctual | PCT | The event does not extend over a time span, has no duration. |
| Telic | TEL | The event has a terminal point/culmination. |
Classes (and their corresponding trait combinations):
| Class | Label | Traits |
|---|---|---|
| Accomplishment | ACCMP | DYN, TEL, DUR |
| Achievement | ACH | DYN, TEL, PCT |
| Activity | ACTY | DYN, ATEL, DUR |
| Semelfactive | SEMEL | DYN, ATEL, PCT |
| Stative | STAT | ATEL, DUR |
An element can be constrained to a single class, but in some cases it’s useful to specify just a trait, so as to include every class that shares it.
Adjectives and adverbs
There’s no single agreed-upon semantic classification for Italian adjectives and adverbs yet. For now:
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Adjectives use Dixon’s (2004) semantic classes:
Class Examples dimension grande ‘big’, piccolo ‘small’, lungo ‘long’, alto ‘tall’, corto ‘short’ age nuovo ‘new’, vecchio ‘old’, giovane ‘young’ value buono ‘good’, atroce ‘atrocious’, perfetto ‘perfect’, necessario ‘necessary’, strano ‘strange’ colour rosso ‘red’, giallo ‘yellow’, blu ‘blue’ physical_property duro ‘hard’, pesante ‘heavy’, umido ‘wet’, forte ‘strong’, pulito ‘clean’ human_propensity geloso ‘jealous’, intelligente ‘intelligent’, felice ‘happy’, orgoglioso ‘proud’, ansioso ‘anxious’ speed veloce ‘fast’, lento ‘slow’ difficulty difficile ‘difficult, hard’, facile ‘easy’ similarity simile ‘similar’, diverso ‘different’ qualification vero ‘true’, comune ‘common’, corretto ‘correct’, normale ‘normal’, ragionevole ‘sensible’, appropriato ‘appropriate’ quantification alcuni ‘some’, tutto/tutti ‘all’, poco/pochi ‘few’ position vicino ‘near’, distante ‘distant’ cardinal_number primo ‘first’, ultimo ‘last’ -
Adverbs use a semantic classification adapted from the Adjective-Adverb Interfaces in Romance project (which doesn’t itself include Italian data):
Class Definition manner Adverbs that characterize a manner-property of an element quantity Quantify on a scale or a semantic characteristic, or the degree of a semantic property expressed by the segment they modify time Adverbs expressing temporal circumstances location Adverbs expressing a local circumstance of the event expressed discourse Adverbs expressing metalinguistic, pragmatic and/or discursive extra-propositional characterizations or speaker attitudes specification Focus adverbs expressing a semantic specification of the segment they modify; their syntactic scope is mostly a noun or any verbless syntagm Both classifications for adjectives and adverbs are still under discussion; other options considered for adjectives include ItalWordNet’s adjective roots and the PAROLE-SIMPLE-CLIPS ontology.